{ } CodeMirror

Overview

CodeMirror is a code-editor component that can be embedded in Web pages. The code library provides only the editor component, no accompanying buttons, auto-completion, or other IDE functionality. It does provide a rich API on top of which such functionality can be straightforwardly implemented. See the add-ons included in the distribution, and the CodeMirror UI project, for reusable implementations of extra features.

CodeMirror works with language-specific modes. Modes are JavaScript programs that help color (and optionally indent) text written in a given language. The distribution comes with a number of modes (see the mode/ directory), and it isn't hard to write new ones for other languages.

Basic Usage

The easiest way to use CodeMirror is to simply load the script and style sheet found under lib/ in the distribution, plus a mode script from one of the mode/ directories and a theme stylesheet from theme/. (See also the compression helper.) For example:

<script src="lib/codemirror.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../lib/codemirror.css">
<script src="mode/javascript/javascript.js"></script>

Having done this, an editor instance can be created like this:

var myCodeMirror = CodeMirror(document.body);

The editor will be appended to the document body, will start empty, and will use the mode that we loaded. To have more control over the new editor, a configuration object can be passed to CodeMirror as a second argument:

var myCodeMirror = CodeMirror(document.body, {
  value: "function myScript(){return 100;}\n",
  mode:  "javascript"
});

This will initialize the editor with a piece of code already in it, and explicitly tell it to use the JavaScript mode (which is useful when multiple modes are loaded). See below for a full discussion of the configuration options that CodeMirror accepts.

In cases where you don't want to append the editor to an element, and need more control over the way it is inserted, the first argument to the CodeMirror function can also be a function that, when given a DOM element, inserts it into the document somewhere. This could be used to, for example, replace a textarea with a real editor:

var myCodeMirror = CodeMirror(function(elt) {
  myTextArea.parentNode.replaceChild(elt, myTextArea);
}, {value: myTextArea.value});

However, for this use case, which is a common way to use CodeMirror, the library provides a much more powerful shortcut:

var myCodeMirror = CodeMirror.fromTextArea(myTextArea);

This will, among other things, ensure that the textarea's value is updated when the form (if it is part of a form) is submitted. See the API reference for a full description of this method.

Configuration

Both the CodeMirror function and its fromTextArea method take as second (optional) argument an object containing configuration options. Any option not supplied like this will be taken from CodeMirror.defaults, an object containing the default options. You can update this object to change the defaults on your page.

Options are not checked in any way, so setting bogus option values is bound to lead to odd errors.

These are the supported options:

value (string)

The starting value of the editor.

mode (string or object)

The mode to use. When not given, this will default to the first mode that was loaded. It may be a string, which either simply names the mode or is a MIME type associated with the mode. Alternatively, it may be an object containing configuration options for the mode, with a name property that names the mode (for example {name: "javascript", json: true}). The demo pages for each mode contain information about what configuration parameters the mode supports. You can ask CodeMirror which modes and MIME types are loaded with the CodeMirror.listModes and CodeMirror.listMIMEs functions.

theme (string)

The theme to style the editor with. You must make sure the CSS file defining the corresponding .cm-s-[name] styles is loaded (see the theme directory in the distribution). The default is "default", for which colors are included in codemirror.css. It is possible to use multiple theming classes at once—for example "foo bar" will assign both the cm-s-foo and the cm-s-bar classes to the editor.

indentUnit (integer)

How many spaces a block (whatever that means in the edited language) should be indented. The default is 2.

smartIndent (boolean)

Whether to use the context-sensitive indentation that the mode provides (or just indent the same as the line before). Defaults to true.

tabSize (integer)

The width of a tab character. Defaults to 4.

indentWithTabs (boolean)

Whether, when indenting, the first N*tabSize spaces should be replaced by N tabs. Default is false.

electricChars (boolean)

Configures whether the editor should re-indent the current line when a character is typed that might change its proper indentation (only works if the mode supports indentation). Default is true.

autoClearEmptyLines (boolean)

When turned on (default is off), this will automatically clear lines consisting only of whitespace when the cursor leaves them. This is mostly useful to prevent auto indentation from introducing trailing whitespace in a file.

keyMap (string)

Configures the keymap to use. The default is "default", which is the only keymap defined in codemirror.js itself. Extra keymaps are found in the keymap directory. See the section on keymaps for more information.

extraKeys (object)

Can be used to specify extra keybindings for the editor, alongside the ones defined by keyMap. Should be either null, or a valid keymap value.

lineWrapping (boolean)

Whether CodeMirror should scroll or wrap for long lines. Defaults to false (scroll).

lineNumbers (boolean)

Whether to show line numbers to the left of the editor.

firstLineNumber (integer)

At which number to start counting lines. Default is 1.

lineNumberFormatter (function(integer))

A function used to format line numbers. The function is passed the current line number. Default prints the line number verbatim.

gutter (boolean)

Can be used to force a 'gutter' (empty space on the left of the editor) to be shown even when no line numbers are active. This is useful for setting markers.

fixedGutter (boolean)

When enabled (off by default), this will make the gutter stay visible when the document is scrolled horizontally.

readOnly (boolean)

This disables editing of the editor content by the user. If the special value "nocursor" is given (instead of simply true), focusing of the editor is also disallowed.

onChange (function)

When given, this function will be called every time the content of the editor is changed. It will be given the editor instance as first argument, and an {from, to, text, next} object containing information about the changes that occurred as second argument. from and to are the positions (in the pre-change coordinate system) where the change started and ended (for example, it might be {ch:0, line:18} if the position is at the beginning of line #19). text is an array of strings representing the text that replaced the changed range (split by line). If multiple changes happened during a single operation, the object will have a next property pointing to another change object (which may point to another, etc).

onCursorActivity (function)

Will be called when the cursor or selection moves, or any change is made to the editor content.

onViewportChange (function)

When given, will be called whenever the view port of the editor changes (due to scrolling, editing, or any other factor). It will be passed three arguments, the editor instance, the start of the viewport, and its end.

onGutterClick (function)

When given, will be called whenever the editor gutter (the line-number area) is clicked. Will be given the editor instance as first argument, the (zero-based) number of the line that was clicked as second argument, and the raw mousedown event object as third argument.

onFocus, onBlur (function)

The given functions will be called whenever the editor is focused or unfocused.

onScroll (function)

When given, will be called whenever the editor is scrolled.

onUpdate (function)

Will be called whenever CodeMirror updates its DOM display.

matchBrackets (boolean)

Determines whether brackets are matched whenever the cursor is moved next to a bracket.

cursorBlinkRate (number)

Half-period in milliseconds used for cursor blinking. The default blink rate is 530ms.

workTime, workDelay (number)

Highlighting is done by a pseudo background-thread that will work for workTime milliseconds, and then use timeout to sleep for workDelay milliseconds. The defaults are 200 and 300, you can change these options to make the highlighting more or less aggressive.

pollInterval (number)

Indicates how quickly CodeMirror should poll its input textarea for changes. Most input is captured by events, but some things, like IME input on some browsers, doesn't generate events that allow CodeMirror to properly detect it. Thus, it polls. Default is 100 milliseconds.

undoDepth (integer)

The maximum number of undo levels that the editor stores. Defaults to 40.

tabindex (integer)

The tab index to assign to the editor. If not given, no tab index will be assigned.

autofocus (boolean)

Can be used to make CodeMirror focus itself on initialization. Defaults to off. When fromTextArea is used, and no explicit value is given for this option, it will be set to true when either the source textarea is focused, or it has an autofocus attribute and no other element is focused.

dragDrop (boolean)

Controls whether drag-and-drop is enabled. On by default.

onDragEvent (function)

When given, this will be called when the editor is handling a dragenter, dragover, or drop event. It will be passed the editor instance and the event object as arguments. The callback can choose to handle the event itself, in which case it should return true to indicate that CodeMirror should not do anything further.

onKeyEvent (function)

This provides a rather low-level hook into CodeMirror's key handling. If provided, this function will be called on every keydown, keyup, and keypress event that CodeMirror captures. It will be passed two arguments, the editor instance and the key event. This key event is pretty much the raw key event, except that a stop() method is always added to it. You could feed it to, for example, jQuery.Event to further normalize it.
This function can inspect the key event, and handle it if it wants to. It may return true to tell CodeMirror to ignore the event. Be wary that, on some browsers, stopping a keydown does not stop the keypress from firing, whereas on others it does. If you respond to an event, you should probably inspect its type property and only do something when it is keydown (or keypress for actions that need character data).

Keymaps

Keymaps are ways to associate keys with functionality. A keymap is an object mapping strings that identify the keys to functions that implement their functionality.

Keys are identified either by name or by character. The CodeMirror.keyNames object defines names for common keys and associates them with their key codes. Examples of names defined here are Enter, F5, and Q. These can be prefixed with Shift-, Cmd-, Ctrl-, and Alt- (in that order!) to specify a modifier. So for example, Shift-Ctrl-Space would be a valid key identifier.

Alternatively, a character can be specified directly by surrounding it in single quotes, for example '$' or 'q'. Due to limitations in the way browsers fire key events, these may not be prefixed with modifiers.

The CodeMirror.keyMap object associates keymaps with names. User code and keymap definitions can assign extra properties to this object. Anywhere where a keymap is expected, a string can be given, which will be looked up in this object. It also contains the "default" keymap holding the default bindings.

The values of properties in keymaps can be either functions of a single argument (the CodeMirror instance), strings, or false. Such strings refer to properties of the CodeMirror.commands object, which defines a number of common commands that are used by the default keybindings, and maps them to functions. If the property is set to false, CodeMirror leaves handling of the key up to the browser. A key handler function may throw CodeMirror.Pass to indicate that it has decided not to handle the key, and other handlers (or the default behavior) should be given a turn.

Keys mapped to command names that start with the characters "go" (which should be used for cursor-movement actions) will be fired even when an extra Shift modifier is present (i.e. "Up": "goLineUp" matches both up and shift-up). This is used to easily implement shift-selection.

Keymaps can defer to each other by defining a fallthrough property. This indicates that when a key is not found in the map itself, one or more other maps should be searched. It can hold either a single keymap or an array of keymaps.

When a keymap contains a nofallthrough property set to true, keys matched against that map will be ignored if they don't match any of the bindings in the map (no further child maps will be tried, and the default effect of inserting a character will not occur).

Customized Styling

Up to a certain extent, CodeMirror's look can be changed by modifying style sheet files. The style sheets supplied by modes simply provide the colors for that mode, and can be adapted in a very straightforward way. To style the editor itself, it is possible to alter or override the styles defined in codemirror.css.

Some care must be taken there, since a lot of the rules in this file are necessary to have CodeMirror function properly. Adjusting colors should be safe, of course, and with some care a lot of other things can be changed as well. The CSS classes defined in this file serve the following roles:

CodeMirror

The outer element of the editor. This should be used for the editor width, borders and positioning. Can also be used to set styles that should hold for everything inside the editor (such as font and font size), or to set a background.

CodeMirror-scroll

This determines the editor's height, and whether the editor scrolls (overflow: auto + fixed height). By default, it does. Giving this height: auto; overflow: visible; will cause the editor to resize to fit its content.

CodeMirror-focused

Whenever the editor is focused, the top element gets this class. This is used to hide the cursor and give the selection a different color when the editor is not focused.

CodeMirror-gutter

Use this for giving a background or a border to the editor gutter. Don't set any padding here, use CodeMirror-gutter-text for that. By default, the gutter is 'fluid', meaning it will adjust its width to the maximum line number or line marker width. You can also set a fixed width if you want.

CodeMirror-gutter-text

Used to style the actual line numbers. For the numbers to line up, you must make sure that the font in the gutter is the same as the one in the rest of the editor, so you should probably only set font style and size in the CodeMirror class.

CodeMirror-lines

The visible lines. If this has vertical padding, CodeMirror-gutter should have the same padding.

CodeMirror-cursor

The cursor is a block element that is absolutely positioned. You can make it look whichever way you want.

CodeMirror-selected

The selection is represented by span elements with this class.

CodeMirror-matchingbracket, CodeMirror-nonmatchingbracket

These are used to style matched (or unmatched) brackets.

So note carefully that, in order to resize the editor, you should set a width on the wrapper (class CodeMirror) element, and a height on the scroller (class CodeMirror-scroll) element.

The actual lines, as well as the cursor, are represented by pre elements. By default no text styling (such as bold) that might change line height is applied. If you do want such effects, you'll have to give CodeMirror pre a fixed height.

If your page's style sheets do funky things to all div or pre elements (you probably shouldn't do that), you'll have to define rules to cancel these effects out again for elements under the CodeMirror class.

Themes are also simply CSS files, which define colors for various syntactic elements. See the files in the theme directory.

Programming API

A lot of CodeMirror features are only available through its API. This has the disadvantage that you need to do work to enable them, and the advantage that CodeMirror will fit seamlessly into your application.

Whenever points in the document are represented, the API uses objects with line and ch properties. Both are zero-based. CodeMirror makes sure to 'clip' any positions passed by client code so that they fit inside the document, so you shouldn't worry too much about sanitizing your coordinates. If you give ch a value of null, or don't specify it, it will be replaced with the length of the specified line.

getValue() → string

Get the current editor content. You can pass it an optional argument to specify the string to be used to separate lines (defaults to "\n").

setValue(string)

Set the editor content.

getSelection() → string

Get the currently selected code.

replaceSelection(string)

Replace the selection with the given string.

setSize(width, height)

Programatically set the size of the editor (overriding the applicable CSS rules). width and height height can be either numbers (interpreted as pixels) or CSS units ("100%", for example). You can pass null for either of them to indicate that that dimension should not be changed.

focus()

Give the editor focus.

scrollTo(x, y)

Scroll the editor to a given (pixel) position. Both arguments may be left as null or undefined to have no effect.

getScrollInfo()

Get an {x, y, width, height} object that represents the current scroll position and scrollable area size of the editor.

setOption(option, value)

Change the configuration of the editor. option should the name of an option, and value should be a valid value for that option.

getOption(option) → value

Retrieves the current value of the given option for this editor instance.

getMode() → object

Gets the mode object for the editor. Note that this is distinct from getOption("mode"), which gives you the mode specification, rather than the resolved, instantiated mode object.

cursorCoords(start, mode) → object

Returns an {x, y, yBot} object containing the coordinates of the cursor. If mode is "local", they will be relative to the top-left corner of the editable document. If it is "page" or not given, they are relative to the top-left corner of the page. yBot is the coordinate of the bottom of the cursor. start is a boolean indicating whether you want the start or the end of the selection.

charCoords(pos, mode) → object

Like cursorCoords, but returns the position of an arbitrary characters. pos should be a {line, ch} object.

coordsChar(object) → pos

Given an {x, y} object (in page coordinates), returns the {line, ch} position that corresponds to it.

undo()

Undo one edit (if any undo events are stored).

redo()

Redo one undone edit.

historySize() → object

Returns an object with {undo, redo} properties, both of which hold integers, indicating the amount of stored undo and redo operations.

clearHistory()

Clears the editor's undo history.

getHistory() → object

Get a (JSON-serializeable) representation of the undo history.

setHistory(object)

Replace the editor's undo history with the one provided, which must be a value as returned by getHistory. Note that this will have entirely undefined results if the editor content isn't also the same as it was when getHistory was called.

indentLine(line, dir)

Reset the given line's indentation to the indentation prescribed by the mode. If the second argument is given, indentation will be increased (if dir is true) or decreased (if false) by an indent unit instead.

getTokenAt(pos) → object

Retrieves information about the token the current mode found before the given position (a {line, ch} object). The returned object has the following properties:

start

The character (on the given line) at which the token starts.

end

The character at which the token ends.

string

The token's string.

className

The class the mode assigned to the token. (Can be null when no class was assigned.)

state

The mode's state at the end of this token.

markText(from, to, className, options) → object

Can be used to mark a range of text with a specific CSS class name. from and to should be {line, ch} objects. The options parameter is optional. When given, it should be an object that may contain the following configuration options:

inclusiveLeft

Determines whether text inserted on the left of the marker will end up inside or outside of it.

inclusiveRight

Like inclusiveLeft, but for the right side.

startStyle

Can be used to specify an extra CSS class to be applied to the leftmost span that is part of the marker.

endStyle

Equivalent to startStyle, but for the rightmost span.

The method will return an object with two methods, clear(), which removes the mark, and find(), which returns a {from, to} (both document positions), indicating the current position of the marked range, or undefined if the marker is no longer in the document.

setBookmark(pos) → object

Inserts a bookmark, a handle that follows the text around it as it is being edited, at the given position. A bookmark has two methods find() and clear(). The first returns the current position of the bookmark, if it is still in the document, and the second explicitly removes the bookmark.

findMarksAt(pos) → array

Returns an array of all the bookmarks and marked ranges present at the given position.

setMarker(line, text, className) → lineHandle

Add a gutter marker for the given line. Gutter markers are shown in the line-number area (instead of the number for this line). Both text and className are optional. Setting text to a Unicode character like ● tends to give a nice effect. To put a picture in the gutter, set text to a space and className to something that sets a background image. If you specify text, the given text (which may contain HTML) will, by default, replace the line number for that line. If this is not what you want, you can include the string %N% in the text, which will be replaced by the line number.

clearMarker(line)

Clears a marker created with setMarker. line can be either a number or a handle returned by setMarker (since a number may now refer to a different line if something was added or deleted).

setLineClass(line, className, backgroundClassName) → lineHandle

Set a CSS class name for the given line. line can be a number or a line handle (as returned by setMarker or this function). className will be used to style the text for the line, and backgroundClassName to style its background (which lies behind the selection). Pass null to clear the classes for a line.

hideLine(line) → lineHandle

Hide the given line (either by number or by handle). Hidden lines don't show up in the editor, and their numbers are skipped when line numbers are enabled. Deleting a region around them does delete them, and coping a region around will include them in the copied text.

showLine(line) → lineHandle

The inverse of hideLine—re-shows a previously hidden line, by number or by handle.

onDeleteLine(line, func)

Register a function that should be called when the line is deleted from the document.

lineInfo(line) → object

Returns the line number, text content, and marker status of the given line, which can be either a number or a handle returned by setMarker. The returned object has the structure {line, handle, text, markerText, markerClass, lineClass, bgClass}.

getLineHandle(num) → lineHandle

Fetches the line handle for the given line number.

getViewport() → object

Returns a {from, to} object indicating the start (inclusive) and end (exclusive) of the currently displayed part of the document. In big documents, when most content is scrolled out of view, CodeMirror will only render the visible part, and a margin around it. See also the onViewportChange option.

addWidget(pos, node, scrollIntoView)

Puts node, which should be an absolutely positioned DOM node, into the editor, positioned right below the given {line, ch} position. When scrollIntoView is true, the editor will ensure that the entire node is visible (if possible). To remove the widget again, simply use DOM methods (move it somewhere else, or call removeChild on its parent).

matchBrackets()

Force matching-bracket-highlighting to happen.

lineCount() → number

Get the number of lines in the editor.

getCursor(start) → object

start is a boolean indicating whether the start or the end of the selection must be retrieved. If it is not given, the current cursor pos, i.e. the side of the selection that would move if you pressed an arrow key, is chosen. A {line, ch} object will be returned.

somethingSelected() → boolean

Return true if any text is selected.

setCursor(pos)

Set the cursor position. You can either pass a single {line, ch} object, or the line and the character as two separate parameters.

setSelection(start, end)

Set the selection range. start and end should be {line, ch} objects.

getLine(n) → string

Get the content of line n.

setLine(n, text)

Set the content of line n.

removeLine(n)

Remove the given line from the document.

getRange(from, to) → string

Get the text between the given points in the editor, which should be {line, ch} objects. An optional third argument can be given to indicate the line separator string to use (defaults to "\n").

replaceRange(string, from, to)

Replace the part of the document between from and to with the given string. from and to must be {line, ch} objects. to can be left off to simply insert the string at position from.

posFromIndex(index) → object

Calculates and returns a {line, ch} object for a zero-based index who's value is relative to the start of the editor's text. If the index is out of range of the text then the returned object is clipped to start or end of the text respectively.

indexFromPos(object) → number

The reverse of posFromIndex.

The following are more low-level methods:

operation(func) → result

CodeMirror internally buffers changes and only updates its DOM structure after it has finished performing some operation. If you need to perform a lot of operations on a CodeMirror instance, you can call this method with a function argument. It will call the function, buffering up all changes, and only doing the expensive update after the function returns. This can be a lot faster. The return value from this method will be the return value of your function.

compoundChange(func) → result

Will call the given function (and return its result), combining all changes made while that function executes into a single undo event.

refresh()

If your code does something to change the size of the editor element (window resizes are already listened for), or unhides it, you should probably follow up by calling this method to ensure CodeMirror is still looking as intended.

getInputField() → textarea

Returns the hidden textarea used to read input.

getWrapperElement() → node

Returns the DOM node that represents the editor, and controls its width. Remove this from your tree to delete an editor instance. Set it's width style when resizing.

getScrollerElement() → node

Returns the DOM node that is responsible for the vertical sizing and horizontal scrolling of the editor. You can change the height style of this element to resize an editor. (You might have to call the refresh method afterwards.)

getGutterElement() → node

Fetches the DOM node that represents the editor gutter.

getStateAfter(line) → state

Returns the mode's parser state, if any, at the end of the given line number. If no line number is given, the state at the end of the document is returned. This can be useful for storing parsing errors in the state, or getting other kinds of contextual information for a line.

The CodeMirror object itself provides several useful properties. Firstly, its version property contains a string that indicates the version of the library. For releases, this simply contains "major.minor" (for example "2.33". For beta versions, " B" (space, capital B) is added at the end of the string, for development snapshots, " +" (space, plus) is added.

The CodeMirror.fromTextArea method provides another way to initialize an editor. It takes a textarea DOM node as first argument and an optional configuration object as second. It will replace the textarea with a CodeMirror instance, and wire up the form of that textarea (if any) to make sure the editor contents are put into the textarea when the form is submitted. A CodeMirror instance created this way has three additional methods:

save()

Copy the content of the editor into the textarea.

toTextArea()

Remove the editor, and restore the original textarea (with the editor's current content).

getTextArea() → textarea

Returns the textarea that the instance was based on.

If you want to define extra methods in terms of the CodeMirror API, it is possible to use CodeMirror.defineExtension(name, value). This will cause the given value (usually a method) to be added to all CodeMirror instances created from then on.

Add-ons

The lib/util directory in the distribution contains a number of reusable components that implement extra editor functionality. In brief, they are:

dialog.js

Provides a very simple way to query users for text input. Adds an openDialog method to CodeMirror instances, which can be called with an HTML fragment that provides the prompt (should include an input tag), and a callback function that is called when text has been entered. Depends on lib/util/dialog.css.

searchcursor.js

Adds the getSearchCursor(query, start, caseFold) → cursor method to CodeMirror instances, which can be used to implement search/replace functionality. query can be a regular expression or a string (only strings will match across lines—if they contain newlines). start provides the starting position of the search. It can be a {line, ch} object, or can be left off to default to the start of the document. caseFold is only relevant when matching a string. It will cause the search to be case-insensitive. A search cursor has the following methods:

findNext(), findPrevious() → boolean

Search forward or backward from the current position. The return value indicates whether a match was found. If matching a regular expression, the return value will be the array returned by the match method, in case you want to extract matched groups.

from(), to() → object

These are only valid when the last call to findNext or findPrevious did not return false. They will return {line, ch} objects pointing at the start and end of the match.

replace(text)

Replaces the currently found match with the given text and adjusts the cursor position to reflect the replacement.

search.js

Implements the search commands. CodeMirror has keys bound to these by default, but will not do anything with them unless an implementation is provided. Depends on searchcursor.js, and will make use of openDialog when available to make prompting for search queries less ugly.

foldcode.js

Helps with code folding. See the demo for an example. Call CodeMirror.newFoldFunction with a range-finder helper function to create a function that will, when applied to a CodeMirror instance and a line number, attempt to fold or unfold the block starting at the given line. A range-finder is a language-specific function that also takes an instance and a line number, and returns an end line for the block, or null if no block is started on that line. This file provides CodeMirror.braceRangeFinder, which finds blocks in brace languages (JavaScript, C, Java, etc), CodeMirror.indentRangeFinder, for languages where indentation determines block structure (Python, Haskell), and CodeMirror.tagRangeFinder, for XML-style languages.

runmode.js

Can be used to run a CodeMirror mode over text without actually opening an editor instance. See the demo for an example.

overlay.js

Mode combinator that can be used to extend a mode with an 'overlay' — a secondary mode is run over the stream, along with the base mode, and can color specific pieces of text without interfering with the base mode. Defines CodeMirror.overlayMode, which is used to create such a mode. See this demo for a detailed example.

multiplex.js

Mode combinator that can be used to easily 'multiplex' between several modes. Defines CodeMirror.multiplexingMode which, when given as first argument a mode object, and as other arguments any number of {open, close, mode [, delimStyle]} objects, will return a mode object that starts parsing using the mode passed as first argument, but will switch to another mode as soon as it encounters a string that occurs in one of the open fields of the passed objects. When in a sub-mode, it will go back to the top mode again when the close string is encountered. When delimStyle is specified, it will be the token style returned for the delimiter tokens. The outer mode will not see the content between the delimiters. See this demo for an example.

simple-hint.js

Provides a framework for showing autocompletion hints. Defines CodeMirror.simpleHint, which takes a CodeMirror instance and a hinting function, and pops up a widget that allows the user to select a completion. Hinting functions are function that take an editor instance, and return a {list, from, to} object, where list is an array of strings (the completions), and from and to give the start and end of the token that is being completed. Depends on lib/util/simple-hint.css.

javascript-hint.js

Defines CodeMirror.javascriptHint and CodeMirror.coffeescriptHint, which are simple hinting functions for the JavaScript and CoffeeScript modes.

match-highlighter.js

Adds a matchHighlight method to CodeMirror instances that can be called (typically from a onCursorActivity handler) to highlight all instances of a currently selected word with the a classname given as a first argument to the method. Depends on the searchcursor add-on. Demo here.

formatting.js

Adds commentRange, autoIndentRange, and autoFormatRange methods that, respectively, comment (or uncomment), indent, or format (add line breaks) a range of code. Demo here.

closetag.js

Provides utility functions for adding automatic tag closing to XML modes. See the demo.

loadmode.js

Defines a CodeMirror.requireMode(modename, callback) function that will try to load a given mode and call the callback when it succeeded. You'll have to set CodeMirror.modeURL to a string that mode paths can be constructed from, for example "mode/%N/%N.js"—the %N's will be replaced with the mode name. Also defines CodeMirror.autoLoadMode(instance, mode), which will ensure the given mode is loaded and cause the given editor instance to refresh its mode when the loading succeeded. See the demo.

Writing CodeMirror Modes

Modes typically consist of a single JavaScript file. This file defines, in the simplest case, a lexer (tokenizer) for your language—a function that takes a character stream as input, advances it past a token, and returns a style for that token. More advanced modes can also handle indentation for the language.

The mode script should call CodeMirror.defineMode to register itself with CodeMirror. This function takes two arguments. The first should be the name of the mode, for which you should use a lowercase string, preferably one that is also the name of the files that define the mode (i.e. "xml" is defined xml.js). The second argument should be a function that, given a CodeMirror configuration object (the thing passed to the CodeMirror function) and an optional mode configuration object (as in the mode option), returns a mode object.

Typically, you should use this second argument to defineMode as your module scope function (modes should not leak anything into the global scope!), i.e. write your whole mode inside this function.

The main responsibility of a mode script is parsing the content of the editor. Depending on the language and the amount of functionality desired, this can be done in really easy or extremely complicated ways. Some parsers can be stateless, meaning that they look at one element (token) of the code at a time, with no memory of what came before. Most, however, will need to remember something. This is done by using a state object, which is an object that is always passed when reading a token, and which can be mutated by the tokenizer.

Modes that use a state must define a startState method on their mode object. This is a function of no arguments that produces a state object to be used at the start of a document.

The most important part of a mode object is its token(stream, state) method. All modes must define this method. It should read one token from the stream it is given as an argument, optionally update its state, and return a style string, or null for tokens that do not have to be styled. For your styles, you can either use the 'standard' ones defined in the themes (without the cm- prefix), or define your own and have people include a custom CSS file for your mode.

The stream object encapsulates a line of code (tokens may never span lines) and our current position in that line. It has the following API:

eol() → boolean

Returns true only if the stream is at the end of the line.

sol() → boolean

Returns true only if the stream is at the start of the line.

peek() → character

Returns the next character in the stream without advancing it. Will return an empty string at the end of the line.

next() → character

Returns the next character in the stream and advances it. Also returns undefined when no more characters are available.

eat(match) → character

match can be a character, a regular expression, or a function that takes a character and returns a boolean. If the next character in the stream 'matches' the given argument, it is consumed and returned. Otherwise, undefined is returned.

eatWhile(match) → boolean

Repeatedly calls eat with the given argument, until it fails. Returns true if any characters were eaten.

eatSpace() → boolean

Shortcut for eatWhile when matching white-space.

skipToEnd()

Moves the position to the end of the line.

skipTo(ch) → boolean

Skips to the next occurrence of the given character, if found on the current line (doesn't advance the stream if the character does not occur on the line). Returns true if the character was found.

match(pattern, consume, caseFold) → boolean

Act like a multi-character eat—if consume is true or not given—or a look-ahead that doesn't update the stream position—if it is false. pattern can be either a string or a regular expression starting with ^. When it is a string, caseFold can be set to true to make the match case-insensitive. When successfully matching a regular expression, the returned value will be the array returned by match, in case you need to extract matched groups.

backUp(n)

Backs up the stream n characters. Backing it up further than the start of the current token will cause things to break, so be careful.

column() → integer

Returns the column (taking into account tabs) at which the current token starts. Can be used to find out whether a token starts a new line.

indentation() → integer

Tells you how far the current line has been indented, in spaces. Corrects for tab characters.

current() → string

Get the string between the start of the current token and the current stream position.

By default, blank lines are simply skipped when tokenizing a document. For languages that have significant blank lines, you can define a blankLine(state) method on your mode that will get called whenever a blank line is passed over, so that it can update the parser state.

Because state object are mutated, and CodeMirror needs to keep valid versions of a state around so that it can restart a parse at any line, copies must be made of state objects. The default algorithm used is that a new state object is created, which gets all the properties of the old object. Any properties which hold arrays get a copy of these arrays (since arrays tend to be used as mutable stacks). When this is not correct, for example because a mode mutates non-array properties of its state object, a mode object should define a copyState method, which is given a state and should return a safe copy of that state.

If you want your mode to provide smart indentation (though the indentLine method and the indentAuto and newlineAndIndent commands, which keys can be bound to), you must define an indent(state, textAfter) method on your mode object.

The indentation method should inspect the given state object, and optionally the textAfter string, which contains the text on the line that is being indented, and return an integer, the amount of spaces to indent. It should usually take the indentUnit option into account.

Finally, a mode may define an electricChars property, which should hold a string containing all the characters that should trigger the behaviour described for the electricChars option.

So, to summarize, a mode must provide a token method, and it may provide startState, copyState, compareStates, and indent methods. For an example of a trivial mode, see the diff mode, for a more involved example, see the C-like mode.

Sometimes, it is useful for modes to nest—to have one mode delegate work to another mode. An example of this kind of mode is the mixed-mode HTML mode. To implement such nesting, it is usually necessary to create mode objects and copy states yourself. To create a mode object, there are CodeMirror.getMode(options, parserConfig), where the first argument is a configuration object as passed to the mode constructor function, and the second argument is a mode specification as in the mode option. To copy a state object, call CodeMirror.copyState(mode, state), where mode is the mode that created the given state.

In a nested mode, it is recommended to add an extra methods, innerMode which, given a state object, returns a {state, mode} object with the inner mode and its state for the current position. These are used by utility scripts such as the autoformatter and the tag closer to get context information. Use the CodeMirror.innerMode helper function to, starting from a mode and a state, recursively walk down to the innermost mode and state.

To make indentation work properly in a nested parser, it is advisable to give the startState method of modes that are intended to be nested an optional argument that provides the base indentation for the block of code. The JavaScript and CSS parser do this, for example, to allow JavaScript and CSS code inside the mixed-mode HTML mode to be properly indented.

Finally, it is possible to associate your mode, or a certain configuration of your mode, with a MIME type. For example, the JavaScript mode associates itself with text/javascript, and its JSON variant with application/json. To do this, call CodeMirror.defineMIME(mime, modeSpec), where modeSpec can be a string or object specifying a mode, as in the mode option.

Sometimes, it is useful to add or override mode object properties from external code. The CodeMirror.extendMode can be used to add properties to mode objects produced for a specific mode. Its first argument is the name of the mode, its second an object that specifies the properties that should be added. This is mostly useful to add utilities that can later be looked up getMode.